Purpose of the flight and payload description
Objective of the flight was to detect and characterize cosmic gamma-ray bursts and other transient and variable high-energy sources using a balloon-borne detector. The instrument was developed by the University of Alabama in Huntsville and NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center as a balloon-borne prototype of the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) a high energy astrophysics experiment installed on NASA's Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory and launched in orbit around Earth in 1991.
The instrument can be seen schematically on the image at left (click to enlarge). It consisted of four large-area sodium iodide scintillation detectors activated with thallium (NaI[Tl]). Each detector comprised a circular crystal 50.8 cm in diameter and 1.27 cm thick, with a geometric collecting area of approximately 2,025 cm². Three photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), each 12.7 cm in diameter, were optically coupled to each crystal through a conical, diffusely reflecting light collector. Scintillation light generated by gamma-ray interactions in the crystal was converted into electrical pulses by the PMTs. The reported energy resolution was 0.40 FWHM at 88 keV.
Each module incorporated a charged-particle anticoincidence detector consisting of a 55.2 cm-diameter, 0.64 cm-thick NE102 plastic scintillator disc. The plastic scintillator had a separate light collector and was viewed by two 12.7 cm-diameter PMTs. Signals from this detector were used to identify charged particles traversing the assembly and reject associated events from the gamma-ray measurements. The anticoincidence system could also be operated in reverse to record throughgoing charged particles for calibration purposes.
The four detector modules were arranged with their sensitive faces oriented in different directions. The normal to each face was inclined 31 degrees from the zenith, with the modules separated by 90 degrees in azimuth. The assembly was mounted on a platform that rotated about the zenith axis, completing one revolution approximately every 4.8 minutes. A small motor drove the rotation, while three orthogonal magnetometers measured the platform's angular orientation.
The data-acquisition system recorded detector counts in multiple energy intervals and at different integration times. The primary telemetered data consisted of 36-millisecond integrations in eight energy channels spanning approximately 45~180 keV and eight additional channels spanning 180~520 keV for each detector module. A separate spectral mode provided 128 energy channels distributed approximately logarithmically from 45 keV to 12 MeV, with 7.2-second integrations. Another data product used 7.2-second integrations in eight energy channels and 128 phase bins for the combined output of the four modules, supporting the analysis of periodic emission.
A high-time-resolution mode provided 4.5-millisecond integrations of the combined output of all four detectors in four energy channels between 45 and 520 keV. Approximately 23% of the data were available in this format. An onboard microprocessor adjusted the integration interval following recognition of a sufficiently strong burst.
Two in-flight calibration methods were provided. The first used a 10-microcurie barium-133 radioactive source housed in a lead-and-tin shield. The source could be exposed and retracted by command, producing a calibration peak at 350 keV. The second method used the plastic scintillator system to detect throughgoing charged particles.
Details of the balloon flight
Balloon launched on: 10/6/1980 at 23:28 utc
Launch site: National Scientific Balloon Facility (NSBF), Palestine, Texas, US
Balloon launched by: National Scientific Balloon Facility (NSBF)
Balloon manufacturer/size/composition: Zero Pressure Balloon Winzen 314.317 m3 (12.70 Microns - Stratofilm) - N25SI-05/10T-11.10
Balloon serial number: R11.10-1-101
Flight identification number: 1221P
End of flight (L for landing time, W for last contact, otherwise termination time): 10/8/1980 at 5:35 utc
Balloon flight duration (F: time at float only, otherwise total flight time in d:days / h:hours or m:minutes - ): F 31 h
Landing site: 10 Miles NW of Roanoke, Virginia, US
Payload weight: 961 kgs.
The balloon was launched from the National Scientific Balloon Facility in Palestine, Texas, on October 6, 1980. It reached float altitude at an atmospheric overburden of 4.5 g/cm² at 2:30 UTC on October 7. This level remained until termination that occurred at 5:30 UTC on October 8. Scientific data were obtained until 0400 UTC on October 8, apart from a one-hour telemetry interruption during the transfer to a downrange station. The instrument landed 10 Miles NW of Roanoke, Virginia.
During approximately 25 hours of float data analyzed for gamma-ray bursts, three candidate events were identified. Two were attributed to solar activity. The remaining event, detected at 1343 UTC on October 7 in all four detector modules and across three energy intervals between 45 and 520 keV, was identified as a cosmic gamma-ray burst. Its integrated energy fluence was estimated at \(2 \times 10^{-6}\) erg/cm². No other bursts were detected down to 20% of this event's intensity.
The instrument also recorded two solar flare events and pulsed emission from A0535+26 and the Crab pulsar (NP0532).
External references
- Measurement of the rate of weak gamma-ray bursts AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 115, pp. 422
- National Scientific Balloon Facility Annual Report FY 1981 National Center for Atmospheric Research, April 1982
- Observations of a gamma-ray burst and other sources with a large-area, balloon-borne detector AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 77, Issue 1
- Observations of a gamma-ray burst and other sources with a large-area, balloon-borne detector American Institute of Physics, 1982, p. 67
- Observations of a weak gamma ray burst, A0535 plus 26, NP0532 and solar flare events by a balloon-borne detector array 17th International Conference on Cosmic Rays, Volume 9, p.31
- The frequency of weak gamma-ray bursts Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, vol. 291, April 15, 1985, p. 479
- The pulse profile of the Crab pulsar in the energy range 45 keV-1.2 MeV Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, vol. 269, June 1, 1983, p. 273
Images of the mission
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