Purpose of the flight and payload description

The High Energy Gamma Ray Gas Cerenkov Telescope was born as a initiative of the Laboratory of Nuclear Studies at Cornell University in late 60's. That group started the project taking account that the detection of gamma rays from spatial sources is specially complicated due to several factors: the very low flux values to be obtained, the presence of a diffuse background of these rays coming from all directions, and a much larger background flux of charged particles. Therefore, the basic premises for a good detector required a combination of large detection area, long exposure time, high efficiency, good angular resolution, excellent background rejection, and simple data recording. With all this in mind the Cornell group started the development of a instrument that used a large tube filled with an appropriate gas, capped at one end by a scintillator-lead-scintillator sandwich and at the other by a scintillator and a mirror that focused the Cerenkov light on a small array of photomultiplier tubes. First steps were carried with support from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) while temporary collaboration was arranged with the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, who designed the orientation system. In November, 1970, AFOSR retired from the project for lack of military relevancy, but at the same time NASA started its involvement on it providing the neccesary grants to complete the instrument development and to perform the balloon flights.

The instrument was formed by a big cilinder measuring 100 inches of diameter and 200 inches of longitude. As one single mirror of such diameter was at the time difficult to handle and costly to manufacture, the telescope mirror was constructed from 19 hexagons coated with aluminum and cut on the outer edge to match the shape of the 12 sided scintillator array. The mechanical structure consisted of two molded fiberglas heads joined to a neoprene lined, fiberglas cloth bag by means of two bolt rings. The neoprene, provided a light tight, gas tight bag as well the fiberglas heads which was also lined with neoprene. The aluminum space frame shown in the scheme above connected the two heads. This framework fixed the phototubes at the focus of the mirror and relieved the longitudinal forces on the bag when it was pressurized. Two aluminum honeycomb pallets were coupled to the heads and the space frame supporting the scintillators, lead, mirror, and electronics.

To facilitate the emission of Cerenkov radiation by the particles that traversed the telescope, the interior of the cilinder was filled with an equal mixture of Freon-12 gas and air. A system consisting of several switches and a large poppet valve, allowed the regulation of the pressure while the balloon ascended until it reached the optimal value of 1.6 psia at float altitude.

The three scintillators, S1, S2 and S3 were each divided into 12 symmetrical sectors one quarter inch thick and viewed from the outermost edge by a phototube through a light pipe made from eight strips of plexiglass. The Cerenkov detector was composed by a five-inch Bi-Alkali photomultiplier tube, while to collect the light at the mirror focus seven phototubes with light funnels of eight inch diameter were used.

An advantage of this detector was that because of its size, time delayed coincidences were be used to reject particles traveling in the wrong direction. The fast electronics required for this were constructed from MCEL logic cards. The outputs from the Sl, S2, S3 and Cerenkov phototubes were separately mixed by linear fan-ins. The multiplexer consisted basically of six sixteen pole switches. The information from each event, along with time parameters and housekeeping data, were recorded on a seven track digital magnetic tape recorder, and were also telemetered to ground.

The orientation system, permited to control the zenith angle of the telescope from the ground by commanding the drawing of a wire rope over a capstan. The desired angle was obtained by seting the offset of a magnetometer with respect to the lift bar on which it was mounted. Also the whole payload rotated through a thrust bearing, turning against a multifilar suspension and the inertia of the balloon, until the offset magnetometer achieved a null reading. Supplementary orientation information was provided by other magnetometers, a shaft encoder attached to the axis of a pendulum, a sun-seeker, and by a camera oriented along the telescope axis to photograph the brighter stars.

The external estructure of the instrument was protected by two crush pad systems: one formed by several layers of styrofoam cups placed under the bottom head and the other consisting of two rings of cardboard honeycomb placed around the outside near the top. This allowed to protect the instrument at landing even if the telescope toppled over. The weight of the telescope, without crush pad and pointing-system, was 2.600 lbs and the total weight of the scientific package was 3.400 lbs.

Details of the balloon flight

Balloon launched on: 10/6/1971
Launch site: Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility, Palestine, Texas, US  
Balloon launched by: National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
Balloon manufacturer/size/composition: Zero Pressure Balloon Winzen - 20.800.000 cuft (0.8 Mil - Cap. 0.9 Mil. Stratofilm)
Balloon serial number: Serial Nº 9
Flight identification number: 639P
End of flight (L for landing time, W for last contact, otherwise termination time): ??/??/1971
Balloon flight duration (F: time at float only, otherwise total flight time in d:days / h:hours or m:minutes - ): F 10 h 35 m
Payload weight: 4510 lbs

This was the second flight of the instrument. The main observational target was the Crab Nebula; discovered gamma rays up to more than 1000 MeV emitted by the pulsar NP0532.

External references

Images of the mission

Preparing the Gamma Ray telescope for the second flight at Palestine, Texas in 1972 (Copyright: David Koch) Launching the Cherenkov telescope from Palestine, Texas. Second flight (Copyright: David Koch) Brian McBreen and Murray Campbell, at the NCAR Control Room following the flight (Copyright: David Koch) Digital generated image showing the telescope at float. Developed by Selden Ball for the Celestia Space Simulator Digital generated image showing a detailed view of the telescope. Developed by Selden Ball for the Celestia Space Simulator

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