SOLAR CELL CALIBRATION

The purpose of the high altitude solar cell calibration program was to produce air mass zero (AM0) standard solar cells that could be used for accurately setting solar simulator intensities. The program was started in 1962 by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and endured for more than 40 years.

Since the output of solar cells is spectrally selective, the electrical power derived from solar cells depends on the total intensity and the spectral distribution of the light source: the Sun. Attempts were made to procure a laboratory light source which has the same spectral character and intensity as the Sun. However, such attempts have been complicated as different types of radiation sensing devices, such as pyrheliometers and thermopiles, have been used which can not be accurately calibrated on either a total intensity or spectral intensity basis. To overcome this was introduced the concept of flying cells on a balloon, to measure their output at altitudes, to recover the cells and to use them as reference standards. The calibrated standard solar cell is placed in the solar simulator beam, and the beam intensity is adjusted until the standard solar cell reads the same as it reads on the balloon.

Althought some modifications were introduced over time, the main components of the balloon flight system were maintained along the entire program: a sun tracker, a helium-filled balloon, a telemetry system, and a battery power supply, as shown in the scheme at left (click for more detail). The sun tracker was mounted on the balloon apex, which is the most stable position of the balloon system. The telemetry transmitter and battery power supply, along with several instruments for measuring altitude, were suspended in a second gondola beneath the balloon. An electrical cable, incorporated into the balloon during manufacture, connected the top and bottom payloads.

The solar tracker was used to position the solar cell payload toward the sun, independent of balloon movements. The tracker was capable of movement in both elevation and azimuth to maintain an "on-sun" condition within +2 deg. A reflection shield attached to the solar tracker was used to prevent unwanted reflected light from reaching the solar cell payload. The tracker and associated electronics boxes were mounted on a plywood disk 6 ft in diameter, which, in turn, was bolted to the balloon top end fitting. The plywood disk permited the tracker to "float" on top of the helium bubble.

Balloon launched on: 8/4/1967 at 8:04 CDT
Launch site: University of Minnesota Airport, New Brighton, US  
Balloon launched by: Litton Industries Inc.
Balloon manufacturer/size/composition: Zero Pressure Balloon SF-199.78-100 Nro. 248
Flight identification number: LITTON 3044
End of flight (L for landing time, W for last contact, otherwise termination time): 8/4/1967 at 19:20 CDT
Balloon flight duration (F: time at float only, otherwise total flight time in d:days / h:hours or m:minutes - ): 11 h 15 m
Landing site: 9 Miles S of Woonsocket, South Dakota, US

The balloon was launched by dynamic method from the Litton Flight Facility located near New Brighton, Minnesota at 8:04 CDT on August 4, 1967 as Flight No. 3044. The balloon ascent course was to the southeast until 70,000 ft over a point 7 miles southeast of Ellsworth, Wisconsin. The upper winds moved the balloon west to a point 2 miles southeast of Rosemount, Minnesota at 10:40 CDT, the beginning of float. The system continued generally westward across Minnesota and about 55 miles into South Dakota by the end of the float period. The descending balloon continued west another 75 miles to a position 12 miles southwest of Miller, South Dakota at 17:40 CDT. From there the balloon system moved east and then south to impact 9 miles southwest of Woonsocket, South Dakota at 19:20 CDT.

The impact area was an open pasture. The destruct cord did not actuate but the wind was light and the gondola did not drag. The recovery crew was at the site within five minutes, and observed the large balloon layover. The balloon bubble had very little helium entrapped and the solar tracker was found upright and undamaged, folded within the deflated bubble. The lower payload was tipped on its side but undamaged.

• Suntracker balloon flights 3042, 3043, 3044, and 3045, (1967) Final report Technical Report - Litton Systems, Inc.; Minneapolis, MN, United States